metadata.py

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from __future__ import annotations

import datetime
import uuid
from collections.abc import Iterable
from copy import copy
from typing import Annotated, Any, Literal

from pydantic import Field, field_serializer, field_validator, model_validator
from pydantic import ValidationError as PydanticValidationError

from pyiceberg.exceptions import ValidationError
from pyiceberg.partitioning import PARTITION_FIELD_ID_START, PartitionSpec, assign_fresh_partition_spec_ids
from pyiceberg.schema import Schema, assign_fresh_schema_ids
from pyiceberg.table.name_mapping import NameMapping, parse_mapping_from_json
from pyiceberg.table.refs import MAIN_BRANCH, SnapshotRef, SnapshotRefType
from pyiceberg.table.snapshots import MetadataLogEntry, Snapshot, SnapshotLogEntry
from pyiceberg.table.sorting import (
    UNSORTED_SORT_ORDER,
    UNSORTED_SORT_ORDER_ID,
    SortOrder,
    assign_fresh_sort_order_ids,
)
from pyiceberg.table.statistics import PartitionStatisticsFile, StatisticsFile
from pyiceberg.typedef import (
    EMPTY_DICT,
    IcebergBaseModel,
    IcebergRootModel,
    Properties,
)
from pyiceberg.types import NestedField, StructType, transform_dict_value_to_str
from pyiceberg.utils.config import Config
from pyiceberg.utils.datetime import datetime_to_millis

CURRENT_SNAPSHOT_ID = "current-snapshot-id"
CURRENT_SCHEMA_ID = "current-schema-id"
SCHEMAS = "schemas"
DEFAULT_SPEC_ID = "default-spec-id"
PARTITION_SPEC = "partition-spec"
PARTITION_SPECS = "partition-specs"
SORT_ORDERS = "sort-orders"
LAST_PARTITION_ID = "last-partition-id"
LAST_ASSIGNED_FIELD_ID = "last-assigned-field-id"
REFS = "refs"
SPEC_ID = "spec-id"
FIELD_ID = "field-id"
FIELDS = "fields"

INITIAL_SEQUENCE_NUMBER = 0
INITIAL_SPEC_ID = 0
DEFAULT_SCHEMA_ID = 0

SUPPORTED_TABLE_FORMAT_VERSION = 3


def cleanup_snapshot_id(data: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
    """Run before validation."""
    if CURRENT_SNAPSHOT_ID in data and data[CURRENT_SNAPSHOT_ID] == -1:
        # We treat -1 and None the same, by cleaning this up
        # in a pre-validator, we can simplify the logic later on
        data[CURRENT_SNAPSHOT_ID] = None
    return data


def check_schemas(table_metadata: TableMetadata) -> TableMetadata:
    """Check if the current-schema-id is actually present in schemas."""
    current_schema_id = table_metadata.current_schema_id

    for schema in table_metadata.schemas:
        if schema.schema_id == current_schema_id:
            return table_metadata

    raise ValidationError(f"current-schema-id {current_schema_id} can't be found in the schemas")


def check_partition_specs(table_metadata: TableMetadata) -> TableMetadata:
    """Check if the default-spec-id is present in partition-specs."""
    default_spec_id = table_metadata.default_spec_id

    partition_specs: list[PartitionSpec] = table_metadata.partition_specs
    for spec in partition_specs:
        if spec.spec_id == default_spec_id:
            return table_metadata

    raise ValidationError(f"default-spec-id {default_spec_id} can't be found")


def check_sort_orders(table_metadata: TableMetadata) -> TableMetadata:
    """Check if the default_sort_order_id is present in sort-orders."""
    default_sort_order_id: int = table_metadata.default_sort_order_id

    if default_sort_order_id != UNSORTED_SORT_ORDER_ID:
        sort_orders: list[SortOrder] = table_metadata.sort_orders
        for sort_order in sort_orders:
            if sort_order.order_id == default_sort_order_id:
                return table_metadata

        raise ValidationError(f"default-sort-order-id {default_sort_order_id} can't be found in {sort_orders}")
    return table_metadata


def construct_refs(table_metadata: TableMetadata) -> TableMetadata:
    """Set the main branch if missing."""
    if table_metadata.current_snapshot_id is not None:
        if MAIN_BRANCH not in table_metadata.refs:
            table_metadata.refs[MAIN_BRANCH] = SnapshotRef(
                snapshot_id=table_metadata.current_snapshot_id, snapshot_ref_type=SnapshotRefType.BRANCH
            )
    return table_metadata


class TableMetadataCommonFields(IcebergBaseModel):
    """Metadata for an Iceberg table as specified in the Apache Iceberg spec.

    https://iceberg.apache.org/spec/#iceberg-table-spec
    """

    location: str = Field()
    """The table’s base location. This is used by writers to determine where
    to store data files, manifest files, and table metadata files."""

    table_uuid: uuid.UUID = Field(alias="table-uuid", default_factory=uuid.uuid4)
    """A UUID that identifies the table, generated when the table is created.
    Implementations must throw an exception if a table’s UUID does not match
    the expected UUID after refreshing metadata."""

    last_updated_ms: int = Field(
        alias="last-updated-ms", default_factory=lambda: datetime_to_millis(datetime.datetime.now().astimezone())
    )
    """Timestamp in milliseconds from the unix epoch when the table
    was last updated. Each table metadata file should update this
    field just before writing."""

    last_column_id: int = Field(alias="last-column-id")
    """An integer; the highest assigned column ID for the table.
    This is used to ensure fields are always assigned an unused ID
    when evolving schemas."""

    schemas: list[Schema] = Field(default_factory=list)
    """A list of schemas, stored as objects with schema-id."""

    current_schema_id: int = Field(alias="current-schema-id", default=DEFAULT_SCHEMA_ID)
    """ID of the table’s current schema."""

    partition_specs: list[PartitionSpec] = Field(alias="partition-specs", default_factory=list)
    """A list of partition specs, stored as full partition spec objects."""

    default_spec_id: int = Field(alias="default-spec-id", default=INITIAL_SPEC_ID)
    """ID of the “current” spec that writers should use by default."""

    last_partition_id: int | None = Field(alias="last-partition-id", default=None)
    """An integer; the highest assigned partition field ID across all
    partition specs for the table. This is used to ensure partition fields
    are always assigned an unused ID when evolving specs."""

    properties: dict[str, str] = Field(default_factory=dict)
    """A string to string map of table properties. This is used to
    control settings that affect reading and writing and is not intended
    to be used for arbitrary metadata. For example, commit.retry.num-retries
    is used to control the number of commit retries."""

    current_snapshot_id: int | None = Field(alias="current-snapshot-id", default=None)
    """ID of the current table snapshot."""

    snapshots: list[Snapshot] = Field(default_factory=list)
    """A list of valid snapshots. Valid snapshots are snapshots for which
    all data files exist in the file system. A data file must not be
    deleted from the file system until the last snapshot in which it was
    listed is garbage collected."""

    snapshot_log: list[SnapshotLogEntry] = Field(alias="snapshot-log", default_factory=list)
    """A list (optional) of timestamp and snapshot ID pairs that encodes
    changes to the current snapshot for the table. Each time the
    current-snapshot-id is changed, a new entry should be added with the
    last-updated-ms and the new current-snapshot-id. When snapshots are
    expired from the list of valid snapshots, all entries before a snapshot
    that has expired should be removed."""

    metadata_log: list[MetadataLogEntry] = Field(alias="metadata-log", default_factory=list)
    """A list (optional) of timestamp and metadata file location pairs that
    encodes changes to the previous metadata files for the table. Each time
    a new metadata file is created, a new entry of the previous metadata
    file location should be added to the list. Tables can be configured to
    remove oldest metadata log entries and keep a fixed-size log of the most
    recent entries after a commit."""

    sort_orders: list[SortOrder] = Field(alias="sort-orders", default_factory=list)
    """A list of sort orders, stored as full sort order objects."""

    default_sort_order_id: int = Field(alias="default-sort-order-id", default=UNSORTED_SORT_ORDER_ID)
    """Default sort order id of the table. Note that this could be used by
    writers, but is not used when reading because reads use the specs stored
     in manifest files."""

    refs: dict[str, SnapshotRef] = Field(default_factory=dict)
    """A map of snapshot references.
    The map keys are the unique snapshot reference names in the table,
    and the map values are snapshot reference objects.
    There is always a main branch reference pointing to the
    current-snapshot-id even if the refs map is null."""

    statistics: list[StatisticsFile] = Field(default_factory=list)
    """A optional list of table statistics files.
    Table statistics files are valid Puffin files. Statistics are
    informational. A reader can choose to ignore statistics
    information. Statistics support is not required to read the
    table correctly. A table can contain many statistics files
    associated with different table snapshots."""

    partition_statistics: list[PartitionStatisticsFile] = Field(alias="partition-statistics", default_factory=list)
    """A optional list of partition statistics files.
    Partition statistics are not required for reading or planning
    and readers may ignore them. Each table snapshot may be associated
    with at most one partition statistics file. A writer can optionally
    write the partition statistics file during each write operation,
    or it can also be computed on demand."""

    # validators
    @field_validator("properties", mode="before")
    def transform_properties_dict_value_to_str(cls, properties: Properties) -> dict[str, str]:
        return transform_dict_value_to_str(properties)

    def snapshot_by_id(self, snapshot_id: int) -> Snapshot | None:
        """Get the snapshot by snapshot_id."""
        return next((snapshot for snapshot in self.snapshots if snapshot.snapshot_id == snapshot_id), None)

    def schema_by_id(self, schema_id: int) -> Schema | None:
        """Get the schema by schema_id."""
        return next((schema for schema in self.schemas if schema.schema_id == schema_id), None)

    def schema(self) -> Schema:
        """Return the schema for this table."""
        return next(schema for schema in self.schemas if schema.schema_id == self.current_schema_id)

    def name_mapping(self) -> NameMapping | None:
        """Return the table's field-id NameMapping."""
        if name_mapping_json := self.properties.get("schema.name-mapping.default"):
            return parse_mapping_from_json(name_mapping_json)
        else:
            return None

    def spec(self) -> PartitionSpec:
        """Return the partition spec of this table."""
        return next(spec for spec in self.partition_specs if spec.spec_id == self.default_spec_id)

    def specs(self) -> dict[int, PartitionSpec]:
        """Return a dict the partition specs this table."""
        return {spec.spec_id: spec for spec in self.partition_specs}

    def specs_struct(self, spec_ids: Iterable[int] | None = None) -> StructType:
        """Produce a struct of the combined PartitionSpecs.

        The partition fields should be optional: Partition fields may be added later,
        in which case not all files would have the result field, and it may be null.

        Args:
            spec_ids: Optional iterable of spec IDs to include. When not provided,
                all table specs are used.

        :return: A StructType that represents the combined PartitionSpecs of the table
        """
        specs = self.specs()
        selected_specs = specs.values() if spec_ids is None else [specs[spec_id] for spec_id in spec_ids if spec_id in specs]

        # Collect all the fields
        struct_fields = {field.field_id: field for spec in selected_specs for field in spec.fields}

        schema = self.schema()

        nested_fields = []
        # Sort them by field_id in order to get a deterministic output
        for field_id in sorted(struct_fields):
            field = struct_fields[field_id]
            source_type = schema.find_type(field.source_id)
            result_type = field.transform.result_type(source_type)
            nested_fields.append(NestedField(field_id=field.field_id, name=field.name, type=result_type, required=False))

        return StructType(*nested_fields)

    def new_snapshot_id(self) -> int:
        """Generate a new snapshot-id that's not in use."""
        snapshot_id = _generate_snapshot_id()
        while self.snapshot_by_id(snapshot_id) is not None:
            snapshot_id = _generate_snapshot_id()

        return snapshot_id

    def snapshot_by_name(self, name: str | None) -> Snapshot | None:
        """Return the snapshot referenced by the given name or null if no such reference exists."""
        if name is None:
            name = MAIN_BRANCH
        if ref := self.refs.get(name):
            return self.snapshot_by_id(ref.snapshot_id)
        return None

    def current_snapshot(self) -> Snapshot | None:
        """Get the current snapshot for this table, or None if there is no current snapshot."""
        if self.current_snapshot_id is not None:
            return self.snapshot_by_id(self.current_snapshot_id)
        return None

    def next_sequence_number(self) -> int:
        return self.last_sequence_number + 1 if self.format_version > 1 else INITIAL_SEQUENCE_NUMBER

    def sort_order(self) -> SortOrder:
        """Get the current sort order for this table, or UNSORTED_SORT_ORDER if there is no sort order."""
        return self.sort_order_by_id(self.default_sort_order_id) or UNSORTED_SORT_ORDER

    def sort_order_by_id(self, sort_order_id: int) -> SortOrder | None:
        """Get the sort order by sort_order_id."""
        return next((sort_order for sort_order in self.sort_orders if sort_order.order_id == sort_order_id), None)

    @field_serializer("current_snapshot_id")
    def serialize_current_snapshot_id(self, current_snapshot_id: int | None) -> int | None:
        if current_snapshot_id is None and Config().get_bool("legacy-current-snapshot-id"):
            return -1
        return current_snapshot_id

    @field_serializer("snapshots")
    def serialize_snapshots(self, snapshots: list[Snapshot]) -> list[Snapshot]:
        # Snapshot field `sequence-number` should not be written for v1 metadata
        if self.format_version == 1:
            return [snapshot.model_copy(update={"sequence_number": None}) for snapshot in snapshots]
        return snapshots


def _generate_snapshot_id() -> int:
    """Generate a new Snapshot ID from a UUID.

    Returns: An 64 bit long
    """
    rnd_uuid = uuid.uuid4()
    snapshot_id = int.from_bytes(
        bytes(lhs ^ rhs for lhs, rhs in zip(rnd_uuid.bytes[0:8], rnd_uuid.bytes[8:16], strict=True)),
        byteorder="little",
        signed=True,
    )
    snapshot_id = snapshot_id if snapshot_id >= 0 else snapshot_id * -1

    return snapshot_id


class TableMetadataV1(TableMetadataCommonFields, IcebergBaseModel):
    """Represents version 1 of the Table Metadata.

    More information about the specification:
    https://iceberg.apache.org/spec/#version-1-analytic-data-tables
    """

    # When we read a V1 format-version, we'll make sure to populate the fields
    # for V2 as well. This makes it easier downstream because we can just
    # assume that everything is a TableMetadataV2.
    # When writing, we should stick to the same version that it was,
    # because bumping the version should be an explicit operation that is up
    # to the owner of the table.

    @model_validator(mode="before")
    def cleanup_snapshot_id(cls, data: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
        return cleanup_snapshot_id(data)

    @model_validator(mode="after")
    def construct_refs(self) -> TableMetadataV1:
        return construct_refs(self)

    @model_validator(mode="before")
    def set_v2_compatible_defaults(cls, data: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
        """Set default values to be compatible with the format v2.

        Args:
            data: The raw arguments when initializing a V1 TableMetadata.

        Returns:
            The TableMetadata with the defaults applied.
        """
        # When the schema doesn't have an ID
        schema = data.get("schema")
        if isinstance(schema, dict):
            if "schema_id" not in schema and "schema-id" not in schema:
                schema["schema_id"] = DEFAULT_SCHEMA_ID

        return data

    @model_validator(mode="before")
    def construct_schemas(cls, data: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
        """Convert the schema into schemas.

        For V1 schemas is optional, and if they aren't set, we'll set them
        in this validator. This was we can always use the schemas when reading
        table metadata, and we don't have to worry if it is a v1 or v2 format.

        Args:
            data: The raw data after validation, meaning that the aliases are applied.

        Returns:
            The TableMetadata with the schemas set, if not provided.
        """
        if not data.get("schemas"):
            schema = data["schema"]
            data["schemas"] = [schema]
        return data

    @model_validator(mode="before")
    def construct_partition_specs(cls, data: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
        """Convert the partition_spec into partition_specs.

        For V1 partition_specs is optional, and if they aren't set, we'll set them
        in this validator. This was we can always use the partition_specs when reading
        table metadata, and we don't have to worry if it is a v1 or v2 format.

        Args:
            data: The raw data after validation, meaning that the aliases are applied.

        Returns:
            The TableMetadata with the partition_specs set, if not provided.
        """
        if not data.get(PARTITION_SPECS):
            if data.get(PARTITION_SPEC) is not None:
                # Promote the spec from partition-spec to partition-specs
                fields = data[PARTITION_SPEC]
                data[PARTITION_SPECS] = [{SPEC_ID: INITIAL_SPEC_ID, FIELDS: fields}]
                data[DEFAULT_SPEC_ID] = INITIAL_SPEC_ID
            elif data.get("partition_spec") is not None:
                # Promote the spec from partition_spec to partition-specs
                fields = data["partition_spec"]
                data[PARTITION_SPECS] = [{SPEC_ID: INITIAL_SPEC_ID, FIELDS: fields}]
                data[DEFAULT_SPEC_ID] = INITIAL_SPEC_ID
            else:
                data[PARTITION_SPECS] = [{"field-id": 0, "fields": ()}]

        data[LAST_PARTITION_ID] = max(
            [field.get(FIELD_ID) for spec in data[PARTITION_SPECS] for field in spec[FIELDS]],
            default=PARTITION_FIELD_ID_START - 1,
        )

        return data

    @model_validator(mode="before")
    def set_sort_orders(cls, data: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
        """Set the sort_orders if not provided.

        For V1 sort_orders is optional, and if they aren't set, we'll set them
        in this validator.

        Args:
            data: The raw data after validation, meaning that the aliases are applied.

        Returns:
            The TableMetadata with the sort_orders set, if not provided.
        """
        if not data.get(SORT_ORDERS) and not data.get("sort_orders"):
            data[SORT_ORDERS] = [UNSORTED_SORT_ORDER]
        return data

    def to_v2(self) -> TableMetadataV2:
        metadata = copy(self.model_dump())
        metadata["format-version"] = 2
        return TableMetadataV2.model_validate(metadata)

    format_version: Literal[1] = Field(alias="format-version", default=1)
    """An integer version number for the format. Implementations must throw
    an exception if a table’s version is higher than the supported version."""

    schema_: Schema = Field(alias="schema")
    """The table’s current schema. (Deprecated: use schemas and
    current-schema-id instead)."""

    partition_spec: list[dict[str, Any]] = Field(alias="partition-spec", default_factory=list)
    """The table’s current partition spec, stored as only fields.
    Note that this is used by writers to partition data, but is
    not used when reading because reads use the specs stored in
    manifest files. (Deprecated: use partition-specs and default-spec-id
    instead)."""


class TableMetadataV2(TableMetadataCommonFields, IcebergBaseModel):
    """Represents version 2 of the Table Metadata.

    This extends Version 1 with row-level deletes, and adds some additional
    information to the schema, such as all the historical schemas, partition-specs,
    sort-orders.

    For more information:
    https://iceberg.apache.org/spec/#version-2-row-level-deletes
    """

    @model_validator(mode="before")
    def cleanup_snapshot_id(cls, data: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
        return cleanup_snapshot_id(data)

    @model_validator(mode="after")
    def check_schemas(self) -> TableMetadata:
        return check_schemas(self)

    @model_validator(mode="after")
    def check_partition_specs(self) -> TableMetadata:
        return check_partition_specs(self)

    @model_validator(mode="after")
    def check_sort_orders(self) -> TableMetadata:
        return check_sort_orders(self)

    @model_validator(mode="after")
    def construct_refs(self) -> TableMetadata:
        return construct_refs(self)

    format_version: Literal[2] = Field(alias="format-version", default=2)
    """An integer version number for the format. Implementations must throw
    an exception if a table’s version is higher than the supported version."""

    last_sequence_number: int = Field(alias="last-sequence-number", default=INITIAL_SEQUENCE_NUMBER)
    """The table’s highest assigned sequence number, a monotonically
    increasing long that tracks the order of snapshots in a table."""


class TableMetadataV3(TableMetadataCommonFields, IcebergBaseModel):
    """Represents version 3 of the Table Metadata.

    Version 3 of the Iceberg spec extends data types and existing metadata structures to add new capabilities:

        - New data types: nanosecond timestamp(tz), unknown
        - Default value support for columns
        - Multi-argument transforms for partitioning and sorting
        - Row Lineage tracking
        - Binary deletion vectors

    For more information:
    https://iceberg.apache.org/spec/?column-projection#version-3-extended-types-and-capabilities
    """

    @model_validator(mode="before")
    def cleanup_snapshot_id(cls, data: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
        return cleanup_snapshot_id(data)

    @model_validator(mode="after")
    def check_schemas(self) -> TableMetadata:
        return check_schemas(self)

    @model_validator(mode="after")
    def check_partition_specs(self) -> TableMetadata:
        return check_partition_specs(self)

    @model_validator(mode="after")
    def check_sort_orders(self) -> TableMetadata:
        return check_sort_orders(self)

    @model_validator(mode="after")
    def construct_refs(self) -> TableMetadata:
        return construct_refs(self)

    format_version: Literal[3] = Field(alias="format-version", default=3)
    """An integer version number for the format. Implementations must throw
    an exception if a table’s version is higher than the supported version."""

    last_sequence_number: int = Field(alias="last-sequence-number", default=INITIAL_SEQUENCE_NUMBER)
    """The table’s highest assigned sequence number, a monotonically
    increasing long that tracks the order of snapshots in a table."""

    next_row_id: int | None = Field(alias="next-row-id", default=None)
    """A long higher than all assigned row IDs; the next snapshot's `first-row-id`."""


TableMetadata = Annotated[TableMetadataV1 | TableMetadataV2 | TableMetadataV3, Field(discriminator="format_version")]


def new_table_metadata(
    schema: Schema,
    partition_spec: PartitionSpec,
    sort_order: SortOrder,
    location: str,
    properties: Properties = EMPTY_DICT,
    table_uuid: uuid.UUID | None = None,
) -> TableMetadata:
    from pyiceberg.table import TableProperties

    # Remove format-version so it does not get persisted
    format_version = int(properties.pop(TableProperties.FORMAT_VERSION, TableProperties.DEFAULT_FORMAT_VERSION))

    schema.check_format_version_compatibility(format_version)

    fresh_schema = assign_fresh_schema_ids(schema)
    fresh_partition_spec = assign_fresh_partition_spec_ids(partition_spec, schema, fresh_schema)
    fresh_sort_order = assign_fresh_sort_order_ids(sort_order, schema, fresh_schema)

    if table_uuid is None:
        table_uuid = uuid.uuid4()

    if format_version == 1:
        return TableMetadataV1(
            location=location,
            last_column_id=fresh_schema.highest_field_id,
            current_schema_id=fresh_schema.schema_id,
            schema=fresh_schema,
            partition_spec=[field.model_dump() for field in fresh_partition_spec.fields],
            partition_specs=[fresh_partition_spec],
            default_spec_id=fresh_partition_spec.spec_id,
            sort_orders=[fresh_sort_order],
            default_sort_order_id=fresh_sort_order.order_id,
            properties=properties,
            last_partition_id=fresh_partition_spec.last_assigned_field_id,
            table_uuid=table_uuid,
        )
    elif format_version == 2:
        return TableMetadataV2(
            location=location,
            schemas=[fresh_schema],
            last_column_id=fresh_schema.highest_field_id,
            current_schema_id=fresh_schema.schema_id,
            partition_specs=[fresh_partition_spec],
            default_spec_id=fresh_partition_spec.spec_id,
            sort_orders=[fresh_sort_order],
            default_sort_order_id=fresh_sort_order.order_id,
            properties=properties,
            last_partition_id=fresh_partition_spec.last_assigned_field_id,
            table_uuid=table_uuid,
        )
    elif format_version == 3:
        return TableMetadataV3(
            location=location,
            schemas=[fresh_schema],
            last_column_id=fresh_schema.highest_field_id,
            current_schema_id=fresh_schema.schema_id,
            partition_specs=[fresh_partition_spec],
            default_spec_id=fresh_partition_spec.spec_id,
            sort_orders=[fresh_sort_order],
            default_sort_order_id=fresh_sort_order.order_id,
            properties=properties,
            last_partition_id=fresh_partition_spec.last_assigned_field_id,
            table_uuid=table_uuid,
            next_row_id=0,
        )
    else:
        raise ValidationError(f"Unknown format version: {format_version}")


class TableMetadataWrapper(IcebergRootModel[TableMetadata]):
    root: TableMetadata


class TableMetadataUtil:
    """Helper class for parsing TableMetadata."""

    @staticmethod
    def parse_raw(data: str) -> TableMetadata:
        try:
            return TableMetadataWrapper.model_validate_json(data).root
        except PydanticValidationError as e:
            raise ValidationError(e) from e

    @staticmethod
    def parse_obj(data: dict[str, Any]) -> TableMetadata:
        if "format-version" not in data:
            raise ValidationError(f"Missing format-version in TableMetadata: {data}")
        format_version = data["format-version"]

        if format_version == 1:
            return TableMetadataV1(**data)
        elif format_version == 2:
            return TableMetadataV2(**data)
        elif format_version == 3:
            return TableMetadataV3(**data)
        else:
            raise ValidationError(f"Unknown format version: {format_version}")

    @staticmethod
    def _construct_without_validation(table_metadata: TableMetadata) -> TableMetadata:
        """Construct table metadata from an existing table without performing validation.

        This method is useful during a sequence of table updates when the model needs to be
        re-constructed but is not yet ready for validation.
        """
        if table_metadata.format_version is None:
            raise ValidationError(f"Missing format-version in TableMetadata: {table_metadata}")

        if table_metadata.format_version == 1:
            return TableMetadataV1.model_construct(**dict(table_metadata))
        elif table_metadata.format_version == 2:
            return TableMetadataV2.model_construct(**dict(table_metadata))
        elif table_metadata.format_version == 3:
            return TableMetadataV3.model_construct(**dict(table_metadata))
        else:
            raise ValidationError(f"Unknown format version: {table_metadata.format_version}")